Abstract: Bilevel optimization, where one optimization problem is inherently nested within another, has gained significant attention due to its extensive applications in machine learning, such as ...

Consumers trying to score the best deals online may be facing a moving target as retailers increasingly use dynamic pricing. It's a strategy that adjusts prices based on factors including demand, ...

Abstract: Metaheuristic algorithms have demonstrated strong effectiveness in solving complex real-world optimization problems. This paper presents two discrete metaheuristic approaches for the ...