The introduction of rare earth elements into TiO 2 can effectively improve the electron-hole separation of TiO 2 and prolong the visible light response of TiO 2. Cerium (Ce) shows variable valence ...

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films doped with aliovalent or isovalent elements have emerged as versatile components in energy conversion and storage technologies. By introducing controlled impurities ...

Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide represents a major advance in semiconductor photocatalysis, extending the response of TiO₂ from the ultraviolet into the visible spectrum of sunlight. By incorporating ...

The performance of a fuel cell—a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy—depends on how well the ions can move through the cell's material. Most current fuel cells operate at high ...